Volume 29 #4

Contents

1. Molecular physiology of vision: half-century of study
2. Optogenetics and vision
3. Specifics of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of excitation and adaptation in retinal cones
4. A model of orientation recognition mechanisms for the 3-bar two-grade optotypes
5. Structural and functional basis of ambivalent (aerial-aquatic) vision in aquatic mammals
6. Individual optimization of functional treatment in the cases of impaired binocular vision
7. Changes of the choroid of different age groups of Japanese quails Coturnix japonica depending on the spectrum composition of illumination

In aquatic mammals, the eye anatomy demonstrates a number of features of adaptation to both aquatic and aerial vision. The eye optics provides underwater emmetropia, and there are a few of mechanisms preventing aerial myopia and allowing to function in conditions of wide variations of luminosity. The eye retina contains mainly rod photoreceptors and a minor number of cones; however, a residual color vision may take place. A characteristic feature of the cetacean retina is large sizes of ganglion cells separated by wide intercellular spaces. Studies of topographic distribution of ganglion cells in the retina of cetaceans revealed two areas of ganglion-cell concentration (the best-vision areas) located in the temporal and nasal quadrants; pinnipeds and other marine mammals have only one such area.

Key words: vision, eye optics, retina, aquatic mammals

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