• 1990 (Vol.4)
  • 1989 (Vol.3)
  • 1988 (Vol.2)
  • 1987 (Vol.1)

Theoretical analysis of factors that determine features of visual attention in preterm children

© 2021 K. I. Kunnikovaa,b

aUral Sate Medical University, 620028 Ekaterinburg, Repina st., 3, Russia
bUral Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin 620002 Ekaterinburg, Mira st., 19, Russia

Received 05 Jul 2021

This paper analyzes Russian and foreign researches evaluating the influence of neurobiological, clinical and environmental factors on the development of visual attention in preterm infants. The results of modern studies on this issue are ambiguous. A number of studies revealed delay in visual processing in premature infants in comparison with normative group. At the same time, there are data on accelerated development of visual functions in children with prematurity due to a longer exposure to sensory stimulation in the environment. It was also shown that staying newborns in intensive care units significantly affects the processes of corticogenesis. The most significant social factors are parents' socioeconomic status, their psychological features and styles of interaction with their child.

Key words: prematurity, visual attention, cognitive functions, early development, early intervention, preschool age,, eye-tracking

DOI: 10.31857/S0235009221040041

Cite: Kunnikova K. I. Teoreticheskii analiz faktorov, opredelyayushchikh osobennosti razvitiya zritelnogo vnimaniya u nedonoshennykh detei [Theoretical analysis of factors that determine features of visual attention in preterm children]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2021. V. 35(4). P. 294–312 (in Russian). doi: 10.31857/S0235009221040041

References:

  • Birinceva N.P., Lazariva I.Je. Sostojanie zritel'nyh funkcij u nedonoshennyh detej v zavisimosti ot sroka gestacii [The state of visual functions in premature infants, depending on the gestational age]. Zdravoohranenie Jugry: opyt i innovacii [Ugra health care: experience and innovations]. 2018. № 3. P. 36–40 (in Russian).
  • Burdukova Yu.A., Stroganova T.A. Osobennosti funktsional'noi asimmetrii u gluboko nedonoshennykh detei 13–14 mesyatsev zhizni [Features of functional asymmetry in very preterm infants 13–14 months of age]. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human physiology]. 2008. V. 34 (5). P. 26–33 (in Russian).
  • Vasil'eva M.Yu., Batuev A.S., Vershinina E.A. Osobennosti psikhicheskogo razvitiya nedonoshennykh detei pervogo goda zhizni [Features of the mental development of premature infans in the first year of life]. Psikhologicheskii zhurnal [Psychological journal]. 2009. V. 30 (3). P. 52–62 (in Russian).
  • Gromada N.E., Yakimova T.A. Psikhomotornoe razvitie nedonoshennykh detei s ochen' nizkoi i ekstremal'no nizkoi massoi tela v techenie 3-kh let zhizni [Psychomotor development of preterm infants with very and extremely low birth weight during 3 years of life]. Ural'skii meditsinskii zhurnal [Ural Medical Journal]. 2017. № 5 (149). P. 33–39 (in Russian).
  • Ivanova N.B. Problemy razvitiya nedonoshennykh detei, vospityvayushchikhsya v usloviyakh sem'i i doma rebenka [Development problems of premature children brought up in a family and a child's home]. Spetsial'noe obrazovanie [Special education]. 2010. № 1. P. 36–45. (in Russian).
  • Partsalis E.M. Faktory riska narusheniya kognitivnogo razvitiya u detei [Risk factors for impaired cognitive development in children]. Novye issledovaniya [New research]. 2013. № 2 (35). P. 4–22 (in Russian).
  • Ryumina I.I., Kukhartseva M.V., Narogan M.V., Borovikov P.I., Lagutin V.V., Whiteley I. Primenenie tekhnologii komp'yuternogo zreniya dlya ob'ektivnoi otsenki pokazatelei kontsentratsii vnimaniya u novorozhdennykh i detei grudnogo vozrasta pri vizual'noi stimulyatsii v tselyakh razvivayushchego ukhoda [The use of computer vision technologies for an objective assessment of indicators of concentration of attention in newborns and infants with visual stimulation for developmental care]. Neonatologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Neonatology: news, opinions, training]. 2021. V. 9 (1). P. 30–41. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-2402-2021-9-1-30-41 (in Russian).
  • Ryumina I.I., Kukhartseva M.V., Narogan M.V., Borovikov P.I., Lagutin V.V., Whiteley I. Rannii vizual'nyi opyt i ego rol' v razvitii rebenka [Early visual experience and its role in child development]. Neonatologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie [Neonatology: news, opinions, training]. 2020. V. 8 (4). P. 52–60. https://doi.org/10.33029/2308-2402-2020-8-4-52-60 (in Russian).
  • Stroganova T.A., Posikera I.N., Pisarevskii M.V., Tsetlin M.M. 9-Ritm EEG pri endogennom vnimanii u donoshennykh i nedonoshennykh detei v vozraste 5 mesyatsev zhizni [9-EEG rhythm with endogenous attention in full-term and preterm infants at 5 months]. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human physiology]. 2006. V. 32 (5). P. 24–36 (in Russian).
  • Stroganova T.A., Posikera I.N., Pisarevskii M.V., Tsetlin M.M. Regulyatsiya sinusovogo serdechnogo ritma pri razlichnykh vidakh vnimaniya u donoshennykh i nedonoshennykh mladentsev 5-mesyachnogo vozrasta [Regulation of sinus heart rate with different types of attention in full-term and premature infants 5 months of age]. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human physiology]. 2006. V. 32 (1). P. 43–51 (in Russian).
  • Troitskaya L.A., Erokhina V.A., Malakhova N.E. Otsenka sensornykh i motornykh funktsii u nedonoshennykh mladentsev [Assessment of sensory and motor functions in premature infants]. Rossiiskii vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii [Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics]. 2018. V. 63 (4). P. 190. https://doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-congress-2018 (in Russian).
  • Fatkullin I.F., Fatukullin F.I. Kesarevo sechenie pri nedonoshennoi beremennosti [Caesarean section for premature pregnancy]. Prakticheskaya meditsina [Practical medicine]. 2009. № 2 (34). P. 34–37 (in Russian).
  • Anderson P. Assessment and Development of Executive Function (EF) During Childhood. Child Neuropsychol. V. 8 (2). 2002. P. 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724
  • Arditi H., Feldman R., Eidelman A.I. Effects of human contact and vagal regulation on pain reactivity and visual attention in newborns. Dev. Psychobiol. 2006. V. 48 (7). P. 561–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20150
  • Atkinson J., Braddick O. Visual and visuocognitive development in children born very prematurely. Prog. Brain Res. 2007. V. 164. P. 123–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)64007-2
  • Barratt M.S., Roach M.A., Leavitt L.A. Early channels of mother-infant communication: preterm and term infants. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 1992. V. 33 (7). P. 1193–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00938.x
  • Beaino G., Khoshnood B., Kaminski M. Predictors of the risk of cognitive deficiency in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE prospective cohort. Acta Paediatrica. 2011. V. 100 (3). P. 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02064.x
  • Beckwith L., Rodning C. Dyadic processes between mothers and preterm infants: Development at ages 2 to 5 years. Infant Ment. Health J. 1996. V. 17 (4). P. 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199624)17:4<322::AID-IMHJ4>3.0.CO;2-O
  • Berdasco-Muñoz E., Nazzi T., Yeung H.H. Visual scanning of a talking face in preterm and full-term infants. Dev. Psychol. 2019. V. 55 (7). P. 1353–1361. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000737
  • Bluml S., Wisnowski J., Nelson M., Paquette L., Panigrahy A. Metabolic maturation of white matter is altered in preterm infants. PLoS ONE. 2014. V. 9 (1). e85829. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085829
  • Braddick O., Atkinson J. Development of human visual function. Vis. Res. 2011. V. 51 (13). P. 1588–1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.02.018
  • Butcher P.R., Kalverboer A., Geuze R., Stremmelaar E. A longitudinal study of the development of shifts of gaze to a peripheral stimulus in preterm infants with transient periventricular echogenicity. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 2002. V. 82 (2). P. 116–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00006-1
  • Carcavalli L., Rocha I.A., Valentim A.F., Penido M.G., Parlato E.M., Pordeus I.A., Serra-Negra J.M. Difference of socioeconomic factors among mothers of preterm and full-term infants. Pesqui. Bras. em Odontopediatria Clín. Integr. 2020. V. 20. e5005. https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2020.013
  • Cheong J., Burnett A.C., Treyvaud K., Spittle A.J. Early environment and long-term outcomes of preterm infants. J. Neural Transm. 2020. V. 127. P. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-019-02121-w
  • Cheung C.H.M., Bedford R., Johnson M.H., Charman T., Gliga T. Visual search performance in infants associates with later ASD diagnosis. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 2018. V. 29. P. 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.003
  • Clearfield M.W. Play for success: A novel intervention to boost visual attention in low-socioeconomic-status infants. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 2020. V. 193. 104810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104810
  • Clearfield M.W., Jedd K.E. The effects of socio-economic status on infant attention. Infant Child Dev. 2013. V. 22 (1). P. 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1770
  • De Graaf-Peters V.B., Hadders-Algra M. Ontogeny of the human central nervous system: What is happening when? Early Hum. Dev. 2006. V. 82 (4). P. 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.013
  • De Schuymer L., De Groote I., Desoete A., Roeyers H. Gaze aversion during social interaction in preterm infants: A function of attention skills. Infant Behav. Dev. 2012. V. 35. P. 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.08.002
  • Diamond A. Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. P. 466–503. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0029
  • Eyre M., Fitzgibbon S.P., Ciarrusta J., Cordero-Grande L., Price A.N., Poppe T., Schuh A., Hughes E., O'Keeffe C., Brandon J., Cromb D., Vecchiato K., Andersson J., Duff E.P., Counsell S.J., Smith S.M., Rueckert D., Hajnal J., Arichi T., O'Muircheartaigh J., Batalle D., Edwards D. The developing human connectome project: typical and disrupted perinatal functional connectivity. URL: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.20.912881v2.abstract (accessed 06.04.2021).
  • Fenoglio A., Georgieff M.K., Elison J.T. Social brain circuitry and social cognition in infants born preterm. J. Neurodev. Disord. 2017. V. 9 (27). P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-017-9206-9
  • Filippa M., Panza C., Ferrari F., Frassoldati R., Kuhn P., Balduzzi S., D'Amico R. Systematic review of maternal voice interventions demonstrates increased stability in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica. 2017. V. 106 (8). P. 1220–1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13832
  • Fontana C., De Carli A., Ricci D., Dessimone F., Passera S., Pesenti N., Bonzini M., Bassi L., Squarcina L., Cinnante C., Mosca F., Fumagalli M. Effects of early intervention on visual function in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Front. Pediatr. 2020. V. 8. P. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00291
  • Forcada-Guex M., Pierrehumbert B., Borghini A., Moessinger A., Muller-Nix C. Early dyadic patterns of mother–infant interactions and outcomes of prematurity at 18 months. Pediatrics. 2006. V. 118 (1). P. 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1145
  • Gasparini C., Caravale B., Rea M., Coletti M.F., Tonchei V., Bucci S., Dotta A., De Curtis M., Gentile S., Ferri R. Neurodevelopmental outcome of Italian preterm children at 1 year of corrected age by Bayley-III scales: An assessment using local norms. Early Hum. Dev. 2017. V. 113. P. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.06.007
  • Gonzalez-Gomez N., Nazzi T. Phonotactic acquisition in healthy preterm infants. Dev. Sci. 2012. V. 15 (6). P. 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01186.x
  • Grunau R.E. Neonatal pain in very preterm infants: longterm effects on brain, neurodevelopment and pain reactivity. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2013. V. 4 (4). e0025. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10132
  • Grunau R.E., Weinberg J., Whitfield M.F. Neonatal procedural pain and preterm infant cortisol response to novelty at 8 months. Pediatrics. 2004. V. 114 (1). P. 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.e77
  • Harrison M.S., Goldenberg R.L. Global burden of prematurity. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016. V. 21 (2). P. 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2015.12.007
  • Hendry A., Johnson M.H., Holmboe K. Early development of visual attention: change, stability, and longitudinal associations. Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol. 2019. V. 1. P. 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085114
  • Hille E., Ouden A.L., Saigal S., Wolke D., Lambert M., Whitaker A., Pinto-Martin J., Hoult L., Meyer R., Feldman J., Verloove-Vanhorick P., Paneth N. Behavioural problems in children who weigh 1000 g or less at birth in four countries. The Lancet. 2001. V. 357. P. 1641–1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04818-2
  • Hitzert M.M., van Geert P., Hunnius S., Van Braeckel K., Bos A.F., Geuze R. Associations between developmental trajectories of movement variety and visual attention in fullterm and preterm infants during the first six months postterm. Early Hum. Dev. 2015. V. 91 (1). P. 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.006
  • Holmboe K., Bonneville-Roussy A., Csibra G., Johnson M.H. Longitudinal development of attention and inhibitory control during the first year of life. Dev. Sci. 2018. V. 21 (6). e12690. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12690
  • Hunnius S., Geuze R.H., Zweens M.J., Bos A.F. Effects of preterm experience on the developing visual system: a longitudinal study of shifts of attention and gaze in early infancy. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2008. V. 33. P. 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640802101508
  • Imafuku M., Kawai M., Niwa F., Shinya Y., Inagawa M., Myowa-Yamakoshi M. Preferences for dynamic human images and gaze-following abilities in preterm infants at 6 and 12 months of age: an eye-tracking study. Infancy. 2017. V. 22 (2). P. 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12144
  • Jandó G., Mikó-Baráth E., Markó K., Hollódy K., Török B., Kovacs I. Early-onset binocularity in preterm infants reveals experience-dependent visual development in humans. PNAS. 2012. V. 109 (27). P. 11049–11052. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203096109
  • Kannass K.N., Oakes L.M. The development of attention and its relations to language in infancy and toddlerhood. J. Cogn. Dev. 2008. V. 9 (2). P. 222–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248370802022696
  • Kannass K.N., Oakes L.M., Shaddy D.J. A longitudinal investigation of the development of attention and distractibility. J. Cogn. Dev. 2006. V. 7 (3). P. 381–409. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0703_8
  • Kaul A., Rosander K., Grönqvist H., Strand Brodd K., Hellström-Westas L., von Hofsten C. Reaching skills of infants born very preterm predict neurodevelopment at 2.5 years. Infant Behav. Dev. 2019. V. 57. P. 101333–101336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101333
  • Kaul Y.F., Rosander K., von Hofsten C., Strand Brodd K., Holmström G., Kaul A., Böhm B., Hellström-Westas L. Visual tracking in very preterm infants at 4 mo predicts neurodevelopment at 3 y of age. Pediatr. Res. 2016. V. 80. P. 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2016.37
  • Kostovic I., Sedmak G., Judas M. Neural histology and neurogenesis of the human fetal and infant brain. NeuroImage. 2019. V. 188. P. 743–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.043
  • Kulke L., Atkinson J., Braddick O. Automatic detection of attention shifts in infancy: eye tracking in the fixation shift paradigm. PLoS ONE. 2015. V. 10 (12). e0142505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142505
  • Lederman V.R.G., Goulart A.L., Negrão J.G., da Cunha D., dos Santos A. Visual scanning preferences in low birth weight preterm infants. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2019. V. 41 (4). P. 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0083
  • Loi E.C., Vaca K., Ashland M.D., Marchman V.A., Fernald A., Feldman H.M. Quality of caregiver-child play interactions with toddlers born preterm and full term: antecedents and language outcome. Early Hum. Dev. 2017. V. 115. P. 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.10.001
  • M. Downes, D. Kelly, K. Day, N. Marlow, M. de Haan Visual attention control differences in 12-month-old preterm infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 2018. V. 50. P. 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.01.002
  • Malik S., Vinukonda G., Vose L.R., Diamond D., Bhimavarapu B.R., Hu F., Zia M.T., Hevner R., Zecevic N., Ballabh P. Neurogenesis continues in the third trimester of pregnancy and is suppressed by premature birth. J. Neurosci. 2013. V. 33 (2). P. 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4445-12.2013
  • Mangin K.S., Horwood L.J., Woodward L.J. Cognitive development trajectories of very preterm and typically developing children. Child Dev. 2016. V. 88 (1). P. 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12585
  • McMahon G., Spencer-Smith M., Pace C., Spittle A., Stedall P., Richardson K., Cheong J., Doyle L., Anderson P. Influence of fathers' early parenting on the development of children born very preterm and full term. J. Pediatr. 2018. V. 205. P. 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.073
  • Mercuri E., Baranello G., Romeo D., Cesarini L., Ricci D. The development of vision. Early Hum. Dev. 2007. V. 83 (12). P. 795–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.014
  • Mezzacappa E. Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children. Child Dev. 2004. V. 75 (5). P. 1373–1386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00746.x
  • Montirosso R., Casini E., Del Prete A., Zanini R., Bellù R., Borgatti R., Neonatal developmental care in infant pain management and internalizing behaviours at 18 months in prematurely born children. Eur. J. Pain. 2016. V. 20 (6). P. 1010–1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.826
  • Munoz D.P., Coe B.C. Saccade, search and orient – the neural control of saccadic eye movements. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011. V. 33. P. 1945–1947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07739.x
  • Noble K.G., McCandless B.D., Farah M.J. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive. Dev. Sci. 2007. V. 10 (4). P. 464–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x
  • Peña M., Arias D., Dehaene-Lambertz G. Gaze following is accelerated in healthy preterm infants. Psychol. Sci. 2014. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797614544307 (accessed 28.05.2016).
  • Perra O., Wass S., McNulty A., Sweet D., Papageorgiou K., Johnston M., Patterson A., Bilello D., Alderdice F. Training attention control of very preterm infants: protocol for a feasibility study of the Attention Control Training (ACT). Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020. V. 6 (17). P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0556-9
  • Petkovic M., Chokron S., Fagard J. Visuo-manual coordination in preterm infants without neurological impairments. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2016. V. 51–52. P. 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.010
  • Pyhala R., Hovi P., Lahti M., Sammallahti S., Lahti J., Heinonen K., Raikkonen K. Very low birth weight, infant growth, and autism-spectrum traits in adulthood. Pediatrics. 2014. V. 134. P. 1075–1083. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1097
  • Ricci D., Lucibello S., Orazi L., Gallini F., Staccioli S., Serrao F., Olivieri G., Quintiliani M., Sivo S., Rossi V., Leone D., Ferrantini G., Romeo D.M., Frezza S., Amorelli G.M., Molle F., Vento G., Lepore D., Mercuri E. Early visual and neuro-development in preterm infants with and without retinopathy. Early Hum. Dev. 2020. V. 148. P. 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105134
  • Ross-Sheehy S., Perone S., Macek K.L., Eschman B. Visual orienting and attention deficits in 5- and 10-monthold preterm infants, Infant Behav. Dev. 2017. V. 46. P. 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.12.004
  • Rozental' P.V. Retinopathy of premature infants as a main problem of neonatal ophthalmology. Curr. Pediatr. 2014. V. 13 (2). P. 12–19. https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v13i2.968
  • Ruff H.A. Individual differences in sustained attention during infancy. See Colombo & Fagen. 1990. P. 247–70.
  • Ruff H.A., Capozzoli M., Saltarelli L.M. Focused visual attention and distractibility in 10-month-old infants. Infant Behav. Dev. 1996. V. 19 (3). P. 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(96)90029-6
  • Santos J., Pearce S., Stroustrup A. Impact of hospitalbased environmental exposures on neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015. V. 27 (2). P. 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000190
  • Sathar A., Abbas S., Nujum Z.T., Benson J.L., Sreedevi G.P., Saraswathyamma S.K. Visual outcome of preterm infants screened in a tertiary care hospital. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2019. V. 26 (3). P. 158–162. https://doi.org/10.4103/meajo.MEAJO_64_17
  • Scheuer T., Sharkovska Y., Tarabykin V., Marggraf1 K., Brockmöller1 V., Bührer C., Endesfelder S., Schmitz T. Neonatal hyperoxia perturbs neuronal development in the cerebellum. Mol. Neurobiol. 2017. V. 55. P. 3901–3915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0612-5
  • Strand-Brodd K., Ewald U., Grönqvist H., Holmström G., Strömberg B., Grönqvist E., von Hofsten C., Rosander K. Development of smooth pursuit eye movements in very preterm infants: General aspects. Acta Paediatrica. 2011. V. 100 (7). P. 983–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02218.x
  • Tamis-LeMonda C.S., Bornstein M.H. Antecedents of exploratory competence at one year. Infant Behav. Dev. 1993. V. 16 (4). P. 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(93)80002-P
  • Telford E.J., Fletcher-Watson S., Gillespie-Smith K., Pataky R., Sparrow S., Murray I., O'Hare A., Boardman J.P. Preterm birth is associated with atypical social orienting in infancy detected using eye tracking. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2016. V. 57 (3). P. 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12546
  • Tu M.T., Grunau R.E., Petrie-Thomas J., Haley D.W., Weinberg J., Whitfield M.F. Maternal stress and behavior modulate relationships between neonatal stress, attention, and basal cortisol at 8 months in preterm infants. Dev. Psychobiol. 2007. V. 49 (2). P. 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20204
  • Van Tilborg E., Heijnen C.J., Benders M.J., Bel F., Fleiss B., Gressens P., Nijboer C.H. Impaired oligodendrocyte maturation in preterm infants: Potential therapeutic targets. Prog. Neurobiol. 2016. V. 136. P. 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.002
  • Van Veenendaal N.R., Heideman W.H., Limpens J., van der Lee J.H., van Goudoever J.B., van Kempen A., van der Schoor S. Hospitalising preterm infants in single family rooms versus open bay units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health. 2019. V. 3 (3). P. 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30375-4
  • Vandormael C., Schoenhals L., Hüppi P.S., Tolsa C.B. Language in preterm born children: atypical development and effects of early interventions on neuroplasticity. Neural Plast. 2019. Article ID 6873270. P. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6873270
  • Wass S.V., Jones E.J., Gliga T., Smith T.J., Charman T., Johnson M.H. Shorter spontaneous fixation durations in infants with later emerging autism. Sci. Rep. 2015. V. 5. 8284. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08284
  • Webb S.J., Monk C.S., Nelson C.A. Mechanisms of postnatal neurobiological development: implications for human development. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2001. V. 19. P. 147–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN1902_2
  • Werchan D.M., Lynn A., Kirkham N.Z., Amso D. The emergence of object-based visual attention in infancy: a role for family socioeconomic status and competing visual features. Infancy. 2019. V. 24. P. 752–767. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12309
  • Williamson K.E., Jakobson L.S. Social perception in children born at very low birthweight and its relationship with social/behavioral outcomes. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2014. V. 55 (9). P. 990–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12210
  • Wolke D., Johnson S., Mendonça M. The life course consequences of very preterm birth. Rev. Dev. Psychol. 2019. V. 1. P. 69–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084804
  • Yaari M., Mankuta D., Harel-Gadassi A., Friedlander E., Bar-Oz B., Eventov-Friedman S., Maniv N., Zucker D., Yirmiya N. Early developmental trajectories of preterm infants. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2018. V. 81. P. 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.018